This documentation applies to the operating systems Windows and macOS.

This documentation uses American terminology for musical items.

In our documentation, we divide information into three different types of topics, according to their content.

In our documentation, we use structural and markup elements to present information according to its purpose.

Key commands are sets of keys that perform defined tasks when pressed together. They are also known as keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys. Many key commands are the same on different operating systems but some are not, and this guide distinguishes them.

You can access additional information from the Help menu.

Deep design considerations are required to create a notation software like Dorico, which might be of particular interest to users familiar with scoring applications. Dorico has a forward-thinking design that is led by musical concepts rather than computational convenience, and this provides many benefits.

A project is an individual file that you create within Dorico. It can contain multiple separate pieces of music of any duration, written for any combination of instruments, and use as many layouts as required.

Modes in Dorico represent a logical sequence of the workflow phases of preparing music, but you can switch between them at any time as required for your own workflow.

Flows are separate spans of music that are completely independent in musical content; for example, a single song in an album, a movement in a sonata or symphony, a number in a stage musical, or a short scale or sight-reading exercise of only a few bars in length. A single project can contain any number of flows.

In Dorico, a player can represent an individual musician or multiple musicians in the same section. Players hold instruments, so you must add at least one player to your project before you can add instruments.

In Dorico, an instrument is an individual musical instrument, such as a piano, a flute, or a violin. Human voices, such as soprano or tenor, are also considered instruments.

Popovers allow you to input different notations and perform tasks, such as transposing a selection of notes, using only your computer keyboard. They are temporary value fields that use text entries for different items and tasks, and there are specific popovers for different purposes.

In Dorico, the notation and division of notes and rests is determined semantically by rules based on convention. This means that note and rest durations can change and appear differently later than when you first input them.

In Dorico, notes and items exist at rhythmic positions, which are calculated using their place in musical time in the flow rather than their position in a specific bar that has a particular time signature.

Layouts combine musical content, as represented by flows and players, with rules for page formatting and music engraving, and allow you to produce paginated music notation that can be printed or exported in various formats. For example, part layouts typically only show the music for one player, whereas full score layouts show the music of all players in the project.

Page templates in Dorico SE allow you to achieve consistent page formatting by applying the same arrangements of frames to multiple pages and in different layouts.

Dorico’s key commands have been designed to be logical, consistent, and accessible using a standard computer keyboard, without needing a number pad.

Dorico SE’s main project window allows you to access all the options and tools you need to work on a project. You can open multiple project windows for the same project or for different projects.

Dorico SE enables you to set up your workspace according to your working style. For example, you can open multiple tabs to display multiple layouts in the same window. You can also open the same project in multiple project windows.

Dorico SE allows you to change the colors used in different contexts, including for project windows and pages in each type of layout.

The Preferences dialog allows you to change how Dorico SE functions by default across all projects.

The Key Commands page in the Preferences dialog allows you to view all the functions to which you can assign key commands, change existing key commands, and assign new key commands to functions that have no key command assigned by default.

The jump bar is a temporary value field that allows you to perform commands and go to locations in the current layout using only your computer keyboard.

The Hub allows you to access recent projects, start new projects, and keep up-to-date with learning materials including tutorials, videos, and blog updates. The Hub opens automatically when you start Dorico SE.

You can start new projects from project templates, such as for orchestra or a vocal ensemble. You can also start empty projects.

You can open Dorico projects at any time and in addition to other open projects; for example, if the project you want to open is not listed as a recent project in the list in the Hub. You can also open MusicXML and MIDI files.

You can open projects that were last saved in other versions of Dorico than the one you have. In such cases, Dorico SE shows a warning message to make you aware of any implications.

The Missing Fonts dialog appears when you open a project that contains a font that you do not have installed on your computer. It allows you to select replacement fonts that are installed on your computer as substitutes.

The Project Info dialog allows you to specify information about the whole project and each flow within it separately, such as the title, composer, and lyricist, as these might be different for different flows. You can then refer to these entries using tokens in text frames.

Project templates allow you to start new projects that already contain a particular set of players and project library settings. For example, full score layouts in orchestral project templates have larger page sizes than in chamber ensemble project templates.

External files are files in different formats than Dorico projects, such as MIDI, MusicXML, or tempo tracks. It is possible in Dorico SE both to import and export different types of files.

The auto-save function stores a version of the currently active project at regular intervals, including new projects you have not explicitly saved yet. This reduces the chances of losing significant amounts of work if you accidentally close a project without saving or in the unlikely event that Dorico SE or your computer crashes.

Dorico SE stores backup versions of your projects each time you save them explicitly. By default, the previous five saves are stored as backups.

Projects that contain more than your maximum number of players open in read-only mode. In read-only mode, you can view, play back, and print projects, but you cannot edit or save them.

The project window in Setup mode contains panels with all the tools and functions that allow you to add players and instruments as well as to create layouts and flows for your project.

In Dorico SE, players, layouts, and flows are all connected to each other. Because they exist in the project rather than in a single score, you can, for example, have players and flows saved in the project without showing them in the full score.

In Dorico SE, a player can represent an individual musician or multiple musicians in the same section. Players hold instruments, so you must add at least one player to your project before you can add instruments.

Ensembles are sets of multiple players that are commonly used together, such as a double woodwind section that contains two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, and two bassoons. Dorico SE provides predefined ensembles, but you can also build custom ensembles.

In Dorico SE, an instrument is an individual musical instrument, such as a piano, a flute, or a violin. Human voices, such as soprano or tenor, are also considered instruments.

A player group represents a collection of musicians that are considered together, such as one choir in a work for double choir or an off-stage ensemble. Player groups can have their own brackets, depending on the bracket grouping set for each layout.

Flows are separate spans of music that are completely independent in musical content, meaning they can contain completely different players from each other and have different time signatures and key signatures. A single project can contain any number of flows.

Layouts combine musical content, as represented by flows and players, with rules for page formatting and music engraving, and allow you to produce paginated music notation that can be printed or exported in various formats. For example, part layouts typically only show the music for one player, whereas full score layouts show the music of all players in the project.

In Dorico SE, you can use three different names to refer to the same player in different contexts. This allows you to show relevant information in different places, such as in staff labels and at the top of part layouts.

Whenever you add a flow to a project, the default name of a flow is Flow plus an incremental number. In Dorico SE, flows have both a flow name and a flow title, which are the same by default but can be different if, for example, you want to organize sketch versions of flows without affecting their displayed titles in the music.

Dorico SE supports the use of videos within the program as well as the associated notations, such as markers and timecodes, and allows you to find appropriate tempos based on where important markers occur.

The project window in Write mode contains toolboxes and panels with the tools and functions required to write your music.

Dorico SE distinguishes the processes for inputting and editing music.

The rhythmic grid is a unit of rhythmic duration whose value affects certain aspects of inputting and editing, such as the amount by which items move. However, it does not control the duration of notes and items that you input.

In Dorico SE, the caret is a vertical line that extends above and below five-line staves but appears shorter on percussion staves and tablature. It shows the rhythmic position at which notes, chords, or notation items are input, which can be partway through tie chains.

In Dorico SE, you can only input notes during note input, which is when the caret is activated. This reduces the risk of you adding notes to staves accidentally.

In Dorico SE, you can change note durations both during note input and for existing notes.

MIDI recording is a way of inputting notes into Dorico SE by playing them in real time on a MIDI device. This can be particularly useful if, for example, you prefer to improvise your music rather than plan pitches and note durations in advance.

You can input many types of notations, both during note input and by adding them to existing notes and music. In Dorico SE, notation is a broad term that includes many different items, including articulations, slurs, dynamics, and more.

In Dorico SE, there are multiple different ways you can select notes and items in your project, from selecting items individually to making large selections covering multiple staves. You can also change whether notes play back during note input/selection.

In Dorico SE, there are editing methods that are common to most notations, including lengthening/shortening items and changing their staff-relative placement.

You can temporarily hide all visible elements that do not print, such as signposts and selection highlights. This allows you to view the current layout as it will appear when printed/exported without switching to Print mode.

There are different ways you can navigate around the layout currently open in the music area, such as moving the selection to different items or bringing specific bar numbers or pages into view. Many navigation methods function in multiple modes.

In Dorico SE, signposts indicate the positions of important items or changes that cannot be seen in the score, such as key signatures with no accidentals, hidden items, and rhythmic feel changes.

Insert mode changes how notes are input and how edits you make outside of note input affect the music. When Insert mode is activated, notes are pushed to subsequent rhythmic positions instead of being overwritten if you input new notes or lengthen existing notes. Similarly, deleting notes or reducing their duration with Insert mode activated pulls surrounding notes closer together without leaving rests between them.

Arranging tools in Dorico SE allow you to allocate notes to different staves and voices quickly and efficiently.

In Dorico SE, you can change the pitches of existing notes in a variety of ways.

You can split flows at specific rhythmic positions. For example, if you want the music from a specific bar onwards to be a new flow, separate from the preceding music.

Comments allow you to add notes or instructions at precise positions in your project without affecting the music. They are considered annotations in Dorico SE, meaning they are not printed by default.

The project window in Play mode contains all the tools and functions for setting up your project for playback. In Play mode, your project appears in a similar way to that used in a digital audio workstation, or DAW, such as Cubase.

Tracks are rows that represent a musical element across time, extending from left to right. They allow you to control multiple musical elements in a project simultaneously but independently of each other.

The playhead is a vertical line that moves during playback, showing the current rhythmic position. It is also known as a playback line.

You can listen to the music you have written from the beginning of your project or from a specific point. You can use playback key commands in any mode.

By default, all voices belonging to a single instrument, including divisi staves, use the same endpoint for playback. You can enable independent voice playback for individual instruments; for example, to hear the different playing techniques in playback for a string divisi where some parts are pizzicato and some parts are arco.

You can mute/solo individual tracks, instruments, and voices belonging to instruments with independent voice playback enabled. This can be useful if you want to ensure only certain instruments are played back while you are working on a specific section of a project.

Dorico SE supports the playback of repeat structures, including repeat endings, repeat barlines, and repeat markers, provided all the correct jumps and sections are in place.

Swing is a style of performance where equally-notated notes are played in a regular pattern of alternating longer and shorter notes, which commonly entails eighth notes being played as a quarter note triplet followed by an eighth note triplet.

The Transport window contains playback and MIDI recording functions, such as rewinding and fast-forwarding. It contains additional and more precise versions of the playback functions available in the toolbar.

Dorico SE uses playback templates to allocate sounds from VST instruments and MIDI devices to the instruments in your project.

Endpoint is the term used for the unique combination of inputs and outputs that together allow the correct sounds to be played for each instrument.

The project window in Print mode contains the print preview area and panels that provide all the necessary tools and functions for printing and exporting layouts.

You can print hard copies of individual layouts or multiple layouts together. You can specify print settings for each layout independently; for example, you can set different numbers of copies or select different printers for layouts in the same project.

You can export layouts as a variety of graphics files, such as PDF or PNG.

You can print layouts from Dorico SE projects to any printer to which your computer is connected.

Dorico SE provides several page arrangements that you can use for printing/exporting your layouts.

Dorico SE allows duplex printing, which means that you can print on both sides of each sheet of paper.

In Dorico SE, page sizes and paper sizes use different settings. This means that you can print layouts with any page size onto paper with a different paper size.

Dorico SE supports multiple graphics file formats as which you can export your layouts.

Annotations provide additional information for printed or exported documents, such as the date and time it was printed. Publishers and printing agencies can use these to identify and register printed images correctly or to embed exported graphics files into a desktop publishing application.

The formatting of pages in Dorico SE is determined by a number of factors, including the layout’s staff size, page margins, the page template applied to them, any casting off values applied to them, system and frame breaks, and frame padding.

Margins determine the spacing around music on pages, such as on all four edges of each page and above/below flow headings.

Staff size refers to the distance between the top and bottom lines of staves, and can be expressed as a point size or in another supported unit of measurement, such as millimeters. For individual staves, you can use a scale size of the default staff size in the layout. The most appropriate staff size depends on the intended purpose of the layout.

The vertical positioning of staves and systems within frames is known as staff spacing. Staff spacing calculations consider the height of staves and the necessary gaps between staves and systems.

The positions of notes and rests relative to each other, and the automatic gaps between them, are known as note spacing.

Casting off is the term used to encompass fixing the layout of pages of music, such as setting the number of systems per page.

System breaks occur when musical material reaches the right page margin and must continue on a new system, usually below the previous system on the same page or on a new page. Dorico SE automatically arranges music across systems so that notes are correctly spaced and legible, but you can also control system breaks manually.

Frame breaks occur when musical material reaches the right page margin at the bottom of a frame and must continue on a new system in the next frame in the music frame chain, which is usually on the next page. Dorico SE automatically arranges music in frames so that systems are correctly spaced and legible, but you can also control frame breaks manually; for example, to insert page turns at specific positions in part layouts.

Tacet is the indication used to show that a player does not play anything in an entire flow, which might be a movement in a symphony or cue in a film score. In Dorico SE, you can generate tacets automatically.

Condensing is the process of showing the music for multiple players on fewer staves than normal, usually by allowing multiple instruments of the same type to share a staff, such as Flutes 1-2 or Horns 1-4.

The propagation of part formatting involves copying the layout options and system formatting that determine the layouts of pages in specific part layouts and applying them to other part layouts. This can save time when formatting similar parts.

Engrave mode is not available in Dorico SE. Engrave mode provides finer controls over the appearance of your music, such as positioning items graphically wherever you want and creating/editing page templates that determine the appearance and layout of pages.

Page templates in Dorico SE allow you to achieve consistent page formatting by applying the same arrangements of frames to multiple pages and in different layouts.

Flow headings allow you to show the titles of flows immediately above their first system automatically. They function like templates, in much the same way as page templates, allowing the same flow heading formatting to be applied to multiple flows in different layouts.

Dorico uses boxes called frames to position music, additional text, and graphics inside the margins of pages. In Dorico SE, you cannot input or edit frames, but frames on page templates control the formatting of pages in your project.

A music frame chain is a collection of music frames that show the same selection of music in a set order, often in sequence. Music frame chains can include any number of frames, including only a single music frame.

The Properties panel in Write mode provides options that allow you to edit individual notes and notations, such as by changing their appearance or position. It is located in the lower zone at the bottom of the window in Write mode.

Properties can affect items either in the current layout and frame chain only or in all layouts and frame chains. This allows you to have the same items appear differently in different layouts, such as if you want to show gradual dynamics as hairpins in part layouts but as cresc. text in full score layouts.

You can change the property scope of local properties; for example, if you want the subsequent properties you change to affect all layouts and frame chains.

You can change the values in numeric value fields in multiple different ways, such as doubling or halving the existing values. In Dorico SE, value fields are most commonly used in the Properties panel and in options dialogs.

The Key Editor panel allows you to view and edit notes, either in a continuous piano roll for pitched instruments or in the percussion editor for unpitched instruments. It is located in the lower zone at the bottom of the window in Write mode and Play mode.

In the Key Editor, notes appear as colored rectangles in either the piano roll editor for pitched instruments, or the percussion editor for unpitched percussion instruments and percussion kits.

In the Key Editor, you can show notes with their played duration or notated duration.

The Playing Techniques editor displays where playing techniques are in use for the corresponding instrument or voice; for example, as a result of inputting playing techniques, slurs, or articulations. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The velocity editor allows you to view and edit the velocity of notes belonging to the instruments/voices shown in the Key Editor. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The Dynamics editor allows you to view, input, and edit dynamics for the instruments/voices shown in the Key Editor. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The MIDI Pitch Bend editor allows you to view, input, and edit MIDI pitch bend controller data for the instruments shown in the Key Editor. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The MIDI CC editor allows you to view, input, and edit data in any MIDI controller for the instruments shown in the Key Editor. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The Tempo editor allows you to view, input, and edit tempo changes. It is located in the Key Editor in the lower zone.

The Histogram tool displays velocity and MIDI CC values as a chart, with values grouped according to their frequency distribution. It allows you to change values on a large scale, including across entire tracks; for example, increasing all velocity values proportionally.

The Transform tool allows you to change consecutive velocity and MIDI CC values within a selected range in a variety of ways. For example, you can increase all velocity values proportionally, but only in two specific bars.

Key Editor configurations allow you to open specific combinations of editors simultaneously. This can be much quicker than adding/closing the required editors manually.

The Mixer panel allows you to control the volume and panning of channels in playback. It is located in the lower zone at the bottom of the window in Write mode and Play mode.

The Mixer allows you to control the volume, panning, and sounds of channels in playback. It provides access to channel strips, which are not available in the Mixer panel.

Mixer channels allow the source connected to them, such as instrument tracks, to produce sound. You can access all channels in the Mixer panel and Mixer window, and individual channels in the Track Inspector for the corresponding track.

You can hide/show channels in the Mixer according to their type; for example, you can hide MIDI channels while working on instrument channels.

When many channels are shown in the Mixer, you can scroll through them in order to view channels that do not fit in the view.

You can change the vertical space occupied by channels and channel strips in the Mixer window; for example, to make channel strips taller when loading inserts or changing EQ settings.

You can change and reset the volume of individual channels in the Mixer; for example, to balance instruments in an orchestral project.

You can change the pan position of individual channels on the stereo spectrum; for example, if you want the pan positions of instruments in an orchestral project to match their positions on a real-life stage.

You can load up to four inserts into each channel, excluding MIDI channels. For example, you can load specific EQ plug-ins instead of using the default EQ channel strips, and apply amp modeling plug-ins to clean guitar channels.

You can change the plug-in used for reverb on the FX channel; for example, if you want to use a specific reverb sound. By default, the reverb plug-in REVerence is loaded into the FX channel.

The Layout Options dialog allows you to change various aspects of each layout independently. For example, you can change the physical properties of the layout, such as page size, staff size, or margins, and how the music appears and is laid out, such as note spacing or staff labels.

The Music Fonts dialog allows you to change the font used for notations and glyphs project-wide. Any font you use for notations and glyphs must be SMuFL-compliant.

Expression maps tell Dorico SE how to use appropriately the patches and sounds in the VST instruments that you have loaded into your project.

Unpitched percussion instruments are played back using patches that map unpitched sounds onto different MIDI notes. The pitches required to produce different unpitched sounds vary by device, sound library, manufacturer, and so on, and have no connection to the position of percussion instruments on five-line staves.

Playback techniques link together the notations you input into your music and techniques/articulations in sound libraries in order to produce the correct sounds in playback. They are used by expression and percussion maps to trigger the appropriate commands, such as key switches or control changes.

This notation reference contains information about the accepted conventions for presenting different notations and how to change their appearance and placement in Dorico SE, both for individual items and by changing default settings.

Accidentals are shown beside notes to indicate their pitch, both when notated on a staff and written out in text. In music based in Western tonality, they usually show that the pitch of a note has been altered so that it does not conform to the prevailing key signature.

Articulations are markings that are drawn above or below notes and chords. Articulations tell a performer how to attack a note or how long to play a note relative to its notated duration.

Bars indicate a usually regular pattern of beats, determined by the prevailing time signature. Bars are separated from adjacent bars by vertical barlines, and each bar has a unique bar number.

Barlines are vertical lines that cross staves in order to show how music is divided into bars, according to the time signature. The most commonly used barline is the single barline between adjacent bars, but there are different types, such as double or repeat barlines.

Bar numbers provide crucial reference points in music and make the chronological sequence of music clear. By providing a unique number for each bar, they enable accurate references to specific parts of pieces and allow players to co-ordinate themselves easily in rehearsals and concerts.

A beam is a line that connects notes with tails to show rhythmic grouping, which varies according to the metrical structure of the prevailing time signature.

There are generally accepted conventions for how notes and rests of different durations are notated and grouped in different contexts and meters. In Dorico SE, notes are automatically notated to fit within bars.

Brackets and braces are thick straight and curved lines in the left-hand margin that show instrument groupings.

Chord symbols describe the vertical harmony of the music at a specific moment. They are frequently used in jazz and pop music, where players often improvise around chord progressions.

Chord diagrams represent the pattern of strings and frets on fretted instruments and use dots to indicate the stopped finger positions required to produce the corresponding chord. This demonstrates the specific shape of chords in a compact way and is useful if a particular voicing is required.

Clefs are the symbol at the start of every system that give the notes on the staff context; that is, the clef tells you which note of the scale applies to each line or space of the staff. To minimize the number of ledger lines required for notes, different clefs are typically used according to the register of instruments.

Octave lines indicate where notes are played higher/lower than they appear in the score or part. They are dashed or dotted horizontal lines with an italic numeral at the start. The numeral indicates the number of pitches by which the phrase is changed, such as 8 for one octave and 15 for two octaves.

Cues are passages of music shown in instrumental parts that are played by a different player, usually to help orientate players before entries or solos following a significant passage of rests.

Dynamics indicate the loudness of the music and can be combined with expressive text to give further clarification about how to perform the music. Dynamics can indicate an immediate change in volume or a gradual change over a specified duration.

Figured bass is a shorthand that uses figures to specify the harmony above the notated bass notes. It is particularly common in Baroque and early Classical music and in the parts of accompanying instruments, such as harpsichords and viols.

Fingerings use numbers and letters to recommend which fingers players should use for notes. This can be useful for music aimed at players learning the instrument and for difficult musical passages where certain fingering patterns make the notes much easier to play.

String indicators are commonly used in guitar music to tell performers the string on which they should play a note, particularly for pitches that are possible on multiple strings.

Front matter in Dorico SE is a broad term that covers all information included before the first bar of music in scores.

Grace notes are notes without a fixed duration, which are intended to be played quickly. They are scaled-down versions of normal notes, and are commonly shown with a slash through their stem.

Different notations are used to show where the established rhythmic flow of the music is interrupted, either with a moment of repose or a short silence, before continuing. The most subtle effect is produced by a tenuto mark, with more significant effects denoted with holds and pauses.

Key signatures are the markings that show the current key of music by indicating which notes in the scale for that key are sharpened or flattened. They are shown at the start of each system on every applicable staff.

The term tonality system is used in Dorico SE to encompass three crucial elements that together make up the concept of tonality.

In Dorico SE, the term lyrics is used for all text that is sung by singers.

Notes are shapes that are positioned on staves to indicate musical pitches. Notes are most commonly shown with oval-shaped, round noteheads that are either filled or void depending on their duration, but there are many different designs of noteheads that you can use.

Bracketed noteheads are often used to indicate that notes are optional, editorial, not played in all playthroughs in music with repeats, or pressed down but not fully struck on the piano. In Dorico SE, you can show brackets on any notehead.

Stems are vertical lines that extend from noteheads that are a half note or shorter in duration. In combination with notehead design, they allow the duration of each note to be clearly identified.

Harmonics are pitches produced by touching resonating strings at specific positions along their length, allowing the corresponding harmonic partial to sound. Harmonics often have a high pitch with a glassy, purer sound than stopped pitches. There are two different types of harmonics: natural and artificial.

Ornaments are markings that indicate multiple notes are played in addition to the notated pitch. They are used to decorate music, such as in Baroque music, which is highly decorated with trills and other ornaments.

Trills are fast alternations between two notes, similar to a tremolo, that were a common decoration in Baroque, Classical, and Romantic music. Trill marks are usually added to a single note, to indicate the performed notes are the notated pitch and the note either a half-step or whole step above, and can have extension lines to show the duration of the trill.

Arpeggio signs are vertical lines that indicate chords are to be played arpeggiated, or spread, so that the notes in the chord are played very quickly one after another. Arpeggio signs are normally shown as vertical wavy lines.

Glissando lines indicate a continuous transition between two notes, which can be smooth or in chromatic steps. They can have straight lines or wiggly lines, and can be shown with a text indication or as a line without text.

The guitar bend is a technique commonly performed on electric guitars, where the performer pushes strings out of their normal alignment after notes start to sound. Bending strings tightens them, which produces the characteristic pitch fluctuation.

The term guitar techniques covers a range of techniques typically associated with guitar music, such as hammer-ons, pull-offs, and pitch alterations that use the vibrato bar on electric guitars.

Jazz articulations in Dorico SE cover a range of note ornamentations that are idiomatic to jazz music, and brass instruments in particular.

Page numbers are used to give each page a unique number, and indicate its position relative to other pages. Just as in newspapers and books, musical scores and parts use page numbers to make sure the music stays in the correct order.

Harp pedaling is a broad term that covers the specific requirements for notating music for harps. This primarily involves harp pedal diagrams, which are often necessary due to the way in which modern concert harps change their tuning.

Pedal lines indicate to performers which piano pedals to use, and can also give performance instructions, such as how far down to depress the pedals and when to lift the pedal to clear the resonance.

The term playing techniques covers a wide range of instructions intended to tell performers to modify the sound of the notes they are playing; for example, by changing their embouchure or changing the position of their bow, or by modifying their instrument, such as adding a mute or depressing a pedal.

Lines can convey a variety of meanings in music, such as indicating which hand to use in piano music or a gradual change in bow pressure. In Dorico SE, lines can be vertical, horizontal, or angled between notes and have different styles and appearances.

Rehearsal marks are ordered sequences of letters or numbers that provide useful reference points, such as indicating significant changes in the music. They allow performers to co-ordinate easily in rehearsals and make the chronological sequence of the music clear.

Markers are labels locked to a particular position in time, most commonly in relation to a video. They typically indicate an important moment that requires musical prominence, and composers often use them to help shape the writing process.

Timecodes indicate an exact position in time, usually in the context of a video. They allow precise synchronization between multiple elements, such as music and moving images, and can be used as a reference tool.

For music with repeated passages, repeat endings show which bars are played at the end of each repetition, with different endings each time if required. They are also known as volta lines, or as first and second endings, but in this documentation, we refer to them as repeat endings.

Repeat markers show that musical material is to be repeated, but unlike repeat endings, repeat markers often involve jumping to different positions and sections in the music instead of moving through the music consecutively.

Bar repeats indicate that the musical material in preceding bars must be repeated exactly, but without notating that material again. Bar repeats can comprise groups of one, two, or four bars.

Numbered bar regions allow you to show bar counts in specific regions without additional notations. This can help performers keep track of how many bars have passed when playing repetitive music.

Rhythm slashes are diagonal lines positioned on staves that are used to indicate that performers should play something, but without specifying the exact rhythms and pitches. They are often accompanied by chord symbols to indicate the set of notes the performer should use.

Rests are markings with a rhythmic value that indicate no note is played for that duration. Each note duration has an equivalent rest; for example, a quarter note rest is different to a sixteenth note rest.

Slurs are tapered, curved lines that join notes to indicate legato articulation and phrasing.

Staff labels are used to identify the instruments playing the music on the corresponding staves, and are positioned to the left of systems, before the initial barline of each system. Staff labels are typically used in music containing multiple players.

A staff is a line or group of lines on which musical notes are notated to indicate the pitch and rhythm of music. Pitched instruments use the traditional five-line staff and unpitched instruments often use a single-line staff.

Divisi is when players split, or divide, in order to play multiple lines of music, commonly for a limited passage, before returning to play together, or tutti. Divisi passages can be notated with all lines on a single staff or across multiple staves.

Tablature is an alternative notation to the five-line staff, and is used for fretted instruments. On tablature, pitches are indicated by fret numbers positioned on lines, each of which represents a string on the instrument. As tablature is commonly used for guitars, it usually shows six lines.

Tempo marks indicate how fast music is played, often with a combination of text instructions and metronome marks. They are also known as tempo changes, tempo indications, and tempo markings.

Text items exist at rhythmic positions within flows and allow you to display generic text in the music.

A tie is a curved line that joins two notes of the same pitch. When notes are longer than the maximum duration of a bar in the prevailing time signature, they automatically appear in Dorico SE as tie chains; that is, a sequence of adjacent notes joined with ties.

Time signatures indicate the meter of music, and apply to all bars from where they first appear until a subsequent change of time signature. Meter describes the rhythmic pulse of music, and its division into beats and bars.

Tremolos are thick, slanted lines that cross individual stems or are positioned between multiple stems. They are used to indicate that notes are repeated, either individually or in sequences of multiple notes.

Tuplets indicate where a beat is divided into a different number of subdivisions than is usually expected according to the current meter. They can be used to fit more notes or fewer notes in a beat than usually exist in a beat, according to the usual pattern of subdivision.

The term unpitched percussion covers all percussion instruments that are not tuned to specific pitches. This includes instruments such as bass drum, guiro, maracas, cymbals, and shakers.

For many instruments, such as flute or trombone, each staff usually contains a single musical line in a single voice that is read from left to right along the staff. When multiple, independent lines must be shown in a single staff, each line can be a separate voice.